On Labor Theory of Value free essay sample

Compares views on labor power, private property, individual vs. social needs, creation of wealth, capitalism. Marx Locke The purpose of this essay is to examine Lockes and Marxs similar views on the labor theory of value and their divergent positions on the nature of private property. For Marx, labor power is the mental and physical capabilities existing in a human being. (Marx 336) Locke envisions labor as part of a human beings own person to be used as his or her property. (Locke 18-19) These are closely related assumptions about the nature of labor power in essence both agree that humans innately own their labor power and this ownership is transferred to its object. It is in the result of labor, what becomes transformed through labor to become private property, that Marx and Locke will ultimately part ways. Locke argues that labor is process through which humans create property out of that which God gave to mankind in

Models of Organisational Behaviour Essays

Models of Organisational Behaviour Essays Models of Organisational Behaviour Paper Models of Organisational Behaviour Paper MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Introduction Organizations achieve their goals by creating, communicating and operating an organizational behaviour system, as shown in the figure below: Management’s Philosophy ? Values ? Vision ? Mission ? Goals Formal Organization Organizational Culture Social Environment Informal Organization Leadership ? Communication ? Group Dynamics Quality of Work Life Motivation Outcomes: ? Performance ? Employee satisfaction ? Personal growth and development I. Philosophy A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The philosophy (model) of organizational behavior held by management consists of an integrated set of assumptions and beliefs about the way things are, the purpose for these activities, and the way should be. The philosophies are sometimes implicit or explicit in the minds of managers. There are five major organizational behavior philosophies: Autocratic Custodial Supportive Collegial System B. Selected Elements of Philosophy Statement We are committed to quality, cost-effectiveness and technical excellence. People should treat each other with consideration, trust and respect. Each person is valuable, is unique and makes a contribution. All employees should be unfailingly committed to excellent performance. Teamwork can and should, produce far more than sum of individual efforts. C. Two Sources of Philosophy of Organizational Behavior Fact Premises represent our descriptive view of how the world behaves. They are drawn from both behavioral science research and personal experiences. Value Premises represent our view of desirability of certain goals and activities. Value premises are variable beliefs we hold and are therefore under control. II. Values The rules by which we make decisions about right and wrong Determine which are more or less important and which is more favorable A. Sample of Statement of Values Harvard University Statement of Values August 2002 Harvard University aspires to provide education and scholarship of the highest quality - to advance the frontiers of knowledge and to prepare individuals for life, work, and leadership. Achieving these aims depends on the efforts of thousands of faculty, students, and staff across the University. 2 Some of us make our contribution by engaging directly in teaching, learning, and research, others of us, by supporting and enabling those core activities in essential ways. Whatever our individual roles, and wherever we work within Harvard, we owe it to one another to uphold certain basic values of the community. These include: Respect for the rights, differences, and dignity of others Honesty and integrity in all dealings Conscientious pursuit of excellence in ones work Accountability for actions and conduct in the workplace The more we embrace these values in our daily lives, the more we create and sustain an environment of trust, cooperation, lively inquiry, and mutual understanding - and advance a commitment to education and scholarship, which all of us share. III. Vision Represents a challenging portrait of what the organization and its members can be -a possible, and desirable, future. Leaders need to create exciting projections about where the organization should go and what major changes lie ahead Once the vision is established, persistent and enthusiastic communication is required to sell it throughout the ranks of employees so they will embrace it with commitment. A. Samples of Vision Statements 1. PSBA Manila To be an institution of world-class education for youth of our country. 2. GMA Network CORPORATE VISION We are the most respected, undisputed leader in the Philippine broadcast industry and the recognized media innovator and pacesetter in Asia. We are the Filipinos’ favorite network. We are the advertisers’ preferred partner. We are the employer of choice in our industry. We provide the best returns to our shareholders. We are a key partner in promoting the best in the Filipino. 3. Procter and Gamble Be, and be recognized as, the best consumer products and services company in the world. 4. SMDC We envision SM Development Corporation to be a leading developer of world-class residences in the Philippines, uplifting Filipino lifestyles into one that is convenient, upscale yet affordable, and environment friendly. B. Mission Identifies the business the organization is in the market niches it tries to serve, the types of customers it is likely to have and the reasons for its existence. Many mission statements even include a brief listing of the competitive advantages, or strengths, or the firm believes it has. Mission statements are more descriptive and less future-oriented. C. Samples of Mission Statements 1. T oyota To sustain profitable growth by providing the best customer experience and dealer support. † 2. Apple Computer 1984 To produce high-quality, low cost, easy to use products that incorporate high technology for the individual. We are proving that high technology does not have to be intimidating for non-computer experts. † IV. Goals Goals are relatively concrete formulations of achievements the organization is aiming within set periods of time, such as one to five years. Goal setting is a complex process for top management’s goals need to be merged with those of employees, who bring their psychological, social and economic needs with them to an organization. A. Samples of Goals To establish stronger relationships with 10,000 clients in Metro Manila. To minimize client complaints from 40 down to 5 per month. To increase the student population to 700 within 2 years 4 V. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, Alternative Assumptions About Employees Theory X Theory X assumes that the average person: ? ? ? ? ? Theory Y Theory Y makes the following general assumptions: ? ? Dislikes work and attempts to avoid it. Has no ambition, wants no responsibility, and would rather follow than lead. Is self-centered and therefore does not care about organizational goals. Resists change. Is gullible and not particularly intelligent. ? ? ? Work can be as natural as play and rest. People will be self-directed to meet their work objectives if they are committed to them. People will be committed to their objectives if rewards are in place that address higher needs such as selffulfillment. Under these conditions, people will seek responsibility. Most people can handle responsibility because creativity and ingenuity are common in the population. Essentially, Theory X assumes that people work only for money and security. Theory X The Hard Approach and Soft Approach Under Theory X, management approaches can range from a hard approach to a soft approach. The hard approach relies on coercion, implicit threats, close supervision, and tight controls, essentially an environment of command and control. The soft approach is to be permissive and seek harmony with the hope that in return employees will cooperate when asked to do so. However, neither of these extremes is optimal. The hard approach results in hostility, purposely low-output, and hard-line union demands. The soft approach results in ever-increasing requests for more rewards in exchange for ever-decreasing work output. The optimal management approach under Theory X probably would be somewhere between these extremes. However, McGregor asserts that neither approach is appropriate because the assumptions of Theory X are not correct. The Problem with Theory X Drawing on Maslows hierarchy, McGregor argues that a satisfied need no longer motivates. Under Theory X the firm relies on money and benefits to satisfy employees lower needs, and once those needs are satisfied the source of motivation is lost. Theory X management styles in fact hinder the satisfaction of higher-level needs. Consequently, the only way that employees can attempt to satisfy their higher level needs in their work is by seeking more compensation, so it is quite predictable that they will focus on monetary rewards. While money may not be the most 5 effective way to self-fulfilment, in a Theory X environment it may be the only way. Under Theory X, people use work to satisfy their lower needs, and seek to satisfy their higher needs in their leisure time. But it is in satisfying their higher needs that employees can be most productive. McGregor makes the point that a command and control environment is not effective because it relies on lower needs as levers of motivation, but in modern society those needs already are satisfied and thus no longer are motivators. In this situation, one would expect employees to dislike their work, avoid responsibility, have no interest in organizational goals, resist change, etc. thus making Theory X a self-fulfilling prophecy. From this reasoning, McGregor proposed an alternative: Theory Y. Theory Y The higher-level needs of esteem and self-actualization are continuing needs in that they are never completely satisfied. As such, it is these higher-level needs through which employees can best be motivated. Under these assumptions, there is an opportunity to align personal goals with organizational goals by using the employees own quest for fulfillment as the motivator. McGregor stressed that Theory Y management does not imply a soft approach. McGregor recognized that some people may not have reached the level of maturity assumed by Theory Y and therefore may need tighter controls that can be relaxed as the employee develops. Theory Y Management Implications If Theory Y holds, the firm can do many things to harness the motivational energy of its employees: Decentralization and Delegation If firms decentralize control and reduce the number of levels of management; each manager will have more subordinates and consequently will be forced to delegate some responsibility and decision making to them. ? ? Job Enlargement Broadening the scope of an employees job adds variety and opportunities to satisfy ego needs. Participative Management Consulting employees in the decision making process taps their creative capacity and provides them with some control over their work environment. Performance Appraisals Having the employee set objectives and participate in the process of evaluating how well they were met. If properly implemen ted, such an environment would result in a high level of motivation as employees work to satisfy their higher level personal needs through their jobs. VI. Paradigms/Framework Models such as X and Y are also called paradigms or frameworks of possible explanations about how things work. Any model that a manager holds usually begins with certain assumptions about people and leads to certain implications and even predictions of events. Managerial Paradigms According to Joel Barker They influence managerial perceptions of the world around them. They define one’s boundaries and provide perceptions for how to behave. They encourage resistance to change, since they have worked in the past. They may either consciously or unconsciously affect one’s behavior. When new paradigms appear, they provide alternative ways of viewing the world and solving problems. VII. Five Models of Organizational Behavior Autocratic Basis of Model Power Supportive Economic Resources Custodial Leadership Collegial Partnership System Trust, community, meaning Caring, compassion Psychological ownership Self-motivation Managerial Model Employee orientation Employee psychological result Employee Needs Met Performance result Authority Money Support Teamwork Obedience Security and Benefits Job Performance Responsible Behavior Self-discipline Dependence on Dependence on Participation boss organization Subsistence Security Status and recognition Awakened drives Selfactualization Moderate enthusiasm Wide range Minimum Passive cooperation Passion and commitment to organizational goals 7 A. The Autocratic Model The autocratic model has its roots in history, and certainly, it became the prevailing model of the industrial revolution. The autocratic model depends on power. Characteristics of Autocratic Model Managerial orientation is formal, official authority. The employee orientation is obedience to a boss. Useful way to accomplish work It is an acceptable approach to guide managerial behavior when there were no wellknown alternatives, it can be useful during organization crises. B. The Custodial Model Custodial model was used during the welfare programs in 1890s and 1900s. The welfare program was later known as paternalism. Characteristics of Custodial Model The res ulting managerial orientation is toward money to pay wages and benefits. The employer looks to security needs as a motivating force. This approach leads to employee’s dependence on the organization. C. The Supportive Model The supportive model depends on leadership instead of power or money. Through leadership, management provides a climate to help employees grow in the interests of the organization the things of which they are capable of. The management orientation is to support the employee’s job performance This approach leads to a feeling of participation and task involvement in the organization. D. The Collegial Model The term â€Å"collegial† relates to a body of people working together cooperatively. A contingency relationship exists in which the collegial model tends to be more useful with unprogrammed work, an intellectual environment and considerable job freedom. Characteristics of Collegial Model The managerial orientation is towards teamwork. Management is the coach that builds a better team. The employee response to this situation is responsibility. E. The System Model 8 It is the result of higher meaning at work by many of today’s employees; they want more than just a paycheck and job security from their jobs. Characteristics of System Model The role of a manager becomes one of facilitating employee accomplishments through a variety of actions. Employees embrace the goal of organizational effectiveness. The employee needs that are met are of highest order (e. g. social status, esteem, autonomy, self-actualization) VIII. Conclusions About the Models Evolving Usage There is no one permanently â€Å"best† model, because what is best is contingent in what is known about human behavior in whatever environment exists at that time. The primary challenge for management is to identify the model it is actually using and then assess its current effectiveness. A manager has two key tasks- to acquire a new set of values as models evolve and to learn and apply the behavioral skills that are consistent with those values. Relation of Model to Human Needs The five models discussed in this report are closely related to human needs. Each model is built upon the accomplishment of the other. Increasi ng Use of Some Models The trend toward the supportive, collegial and systems models will probably continue. Contingent Use of Other Models Though one model maybe used at any given time, some appropriate models will be given at any given time. All five models will still be used; however, an emphasis will be given to newer ones. Managerial Flexibility Managers not only need to identify their current behavioral model but also keep it flexible and current. Managers need to read, think, assess, reflect, interact with others be receptive to the growing needs and be receptive to the challenges to their thinking from their colleagues and employees. 9

Social Welfare Democracy and Government ( Social work) Essay

Social Welfare Democracy and Government ( Social work) - Essay Example In effect, in a democratic system, the right to vote is an entitlement for each citizen because the government processes are based on the will of the people. Since not all citizens can be allowed to carry out government processes, a representative voted by the people would be the next best thing for a democracy. Inclusion is also about being made a part of the process. In the democratic scene, inclusion is an important element because it helps ensure that the conceptualization and implementation of policies encompass all members of society (Young, 2002). Therefore, in the process of ensuring the adequate implementation of democracy, everyone who is entitled to vote should do so because it allows them to be included in the democratic processes and it helps ensure that the spirit of democracy is carried out to its fullest extent (Young, 2002). Representative democracies are very much founded on the rule of the people as supported by the election of government officials. In the history of the United States and in other representative democracies, during our early years, only free white males were able to vote and in some areas, these voters had to be property owners as well (Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt, 2008). Women were not allowed to vote in the elections; and in the US, it was only until the 1920s when they were finally granted the right to vote. Today, the right to suffrage is universal. Since all votes count equally, regardless of gender, ethnicity, and economic standing, the only way to make fair decisions is to submit to the majority will (Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt, 2008). In order to ensure that majority rule does not become oppressive, provisions to protect the right of the minority groups have also been set forth. If no protection is granted to these minorities, the majority might end up violating the fundamental rights of other minority groups (Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt, 2008). In effect, it is important for everyone to vote in order to ensure th at their right is represented and protected; in order to ensure that even if the majority rule would apply, the rights of the minorities would still be represented in the bigger picture. In order to guarantee the continued existence of a democracy which represents the will of the people, there must always be free and competitive elections. Therefore, the opposition can have an equal right to win the elections (Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt, 2008). In order for elections to be totally free and open, freedom of speech and of the press must be respected so that opposition candidates can present their constructive criticism against the government (Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt, 2008). Even as all citizens must have the right to vote, there may be certain restrictions to the exercise of this right. These restrictions are based on legal and proprietary provisions which are part of the democratic processes of different countries. In the United Kingdom, laws provide for certain criteria by wh ich citizens are qualified for the right to suffrage. First provision is that only individuals whose names appear on the electoral register are allowed to vote (Electoral Commission, 2006). In order to vote in the UK Parliamentary elections, the voter must be 18 years of age or over on the day of the elections. He must also be a British citizen, a Commonwealth citizen or a citizen of the Irish Republic who is residing in the UK. Finally, he must not be made

Globelaztion context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globelaztion context - Essay Example hat people have slept on the geo-economics lies, and then everyone must be ready to find out if the world is flat as the lies state without wasting time. The author also states how if found out by accident how the earth if flat. He found out the truth according to lies late February last year. Friedman (2005) has used the interview while creating a discovery channel program to justify what Indians believe about the earth being round or flat. The video is for a lecturer who is talking about the global health of two hundred countries two hundred years ago and beyond. He states that having data is not enough but it very critical to make them presentable enough that people can understand. To do so, he talks about the animation of data in real space. Using the real space animation uses different color in presenting countries. The size of the color also shows the size of the population. The speaker also talks about the life expectancy of persons in different countries. The speaker also talks about the factors that have led to the development of some countries. Again, the speaker identifies the impact of the world war to the development of many nations. The speaker has categorized the global competition of the nations in years from 1810 up to the now identifying the development strategies and the factors that affected the countries. The author also defines the closing of the economic gaps between countries and identifying factors that have contributed to the closing of the

Phd proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Phd - Research Proposal Example Some of the things I learned in my Masters included the fact that fact that tourism in Saudi Arabia has brought great benefits to the country. Tourism has led to a better understanding between many different types of people. When people come together in a different country, they are able to mix well, regardless of backgrounds, religious affiliations or cultures. Tourists come to a country to have an opportunity to relax and learn about different cultures. They take in the ambiance, the foods and the customs of that country. Saudi Arabia has always been a good place to go for understanding new cultures. Tourism can also have negative challenges in the country. As an example, environmental challenges can happen when people who do not understand the country are visiting. They can also disregard national and traditions of nationals. Often, sand dunes and pollution can create problems for the environment. All of these are issues that I would like to explore and study at a deeper level. Saudi Arabia has a harsh desert climate and can experience extreme temperatures, which means that most people will visit only four months of the year: mid-April, February, November and October. I would like to find out whether there is something that we can do that will create tourism all year round. My interest in tourism goes back to an interest that I had as a child. I have liked travel as an adult because I enjoy meeting people and helping them. As an Arabian man, I know that there can be stereotypes with some foreigners who may come to my country and there can be challenges because of misunderstandings. I want to complete my PhD in this area so that I can understand more about the global market and how people interact with Saudis. I have a thirst for knowledge in this area and that is why I want to continue to do it on a deeper level. According to the information I have found in your course guides, I find that what you are offering for a PhD program would be

Creativity And Innovation Management Commerce Essay

Creativity And Innovation Management Commerce Essay Innovation is at the heart of every business enterprise. With the advancement in technology, businesses have adopted new production processes which have enabled them to increase their productivity as well as remain competitive in the market. In order for a business to be innovative, it needs to be creative in the practices that it conducts thus helping it to emerge successful. It is therefore important for an organization to invest funds in latest technology products to enable it be at par with other competing organizations (Afuah, 2009). In the case of Procter and Gamble (PG), the company invests $2 billion every year to enable it hire competent staff that would enable it to conduct thorough research in the field that it specializes. In order for the organization to emerge successful, it must be willing to invest a lot of funds in innovation and research thus enabling it to come up with the best strategies for managing its production processes and employees. This way, PG has been able to set clear goals which have enabled its employees to remain focused to the objectives that the organization strives to achieve. Companies should study global organizations and what enables them to conduct their operations in an effective manner. As a result, it would be possible for an organization to know the kind of practices that it should adopt thereby enabling it to compete effectively with other leading organizations internationally. In the case of PG, the company obtains its employees from different parts of the world who in turn conduct research of the various forms of innovation that other organizations adopt thereby enabling it to embrace the latest technology and practices which then enable it to increase the overall productivity of the organization. In order for a company to be successful in the technology market, it needs to analyze the core areas of technology and decide the best form of technology to adopt depending on the production processes that it adopts. This way, a company is able to realize the areas that need more emphasis thereby enabling it to become more efficient in its areas of specialization. To ensure that it is efficient in its production processes, PG hires more than 1.5 million researchers so that it can manage to invest in the different areas of technology that can enable it to increase its productivity significantly. This number of researchers enables the organization to focus on the more than 150 core areas of technology thereby enabling the organization to cope with the challenges that are present in the modern world in an efficient manner. Explain how you will lead others to positively embrace innovation and change Innovation is essential for every organization to survive since the global market has become competitive. Moreover, most companies are finding it appealing to adopt innovation since it acts as a form of investment. Companies are competing severely so that they can be able to meet the overall needs of their customers. Since most markets are becoming global, it is important CEOs to ensure that they devise ways in which other members of the organization can embrace change and innovation (Afuah, 2009). To be successful in enabling other employees to embrace innovation and change, there are various practices that the CEO should emphasize on in order to ensure that the employees adapt to change in an efficient manner. The CEO at PG should therefore make it his responsibility to ensure that the innovation champions in the organization have up-to-date information regarding the types of change and innovation that other organizations around the world adopt thereby enabling the organization to be on the frontline with regard to innovation change. Most organizations have managers who are risk averse and this makes it difficult for them to adopt change in an effective way. Most of the middle managers are always busy doing their jobs thereby limiting their ability to implement change. Since the jobs of middle managers are easier to fill, they often end up being risk averse. In the case of PG, the CEO can make it his duty to reduce the risk that is associated with change in order to enable the managers to be more innovative. Therefore, it is the duty of the CEO to ensure that he sets up incentives to the managers so that they adopt innovative attitudes. This would make the organization to stand ready for any opportunity that is associated innovation. Adopting innovation in every department is a very important factor to consider while implementing change. The innovation in the 21st century targets an entire organization and not specific department s in an organization. An organization should also hire professional personnel who can help an organization to identify the best areas that it should invest in (Brown, 2005). PG should therefore focus on hiring people whose fulltime responsibility is to drive innovation within the company. Basic training with regard to technology adoption is essential in that the CEO would be in a position to select the employees who are given professional training in innovation change. The trained people would act as self-sustaining innovation processes thereby enabling the company to stay ahead in terms of embracing innovation and change. Assess the influence of vision and mission on generation of creative and innovative management processes in an organization Vision and mission statements play an essential role in terms of enabling an organization to be effective in terms of adopting innovation, creativity and change. It is not possible for CEOs to establish an organization without setting clear objectives within it. An organization needs to define its vision and mission statements in an effective manner thereby enabling it to achieve its reasons for existence. Vision and mission statements therefore act as a catalyst for enabling an organization to adopt change and innovation (Anthony, 2012). It is therefore important for the CEO of PG to ensure that the organization sets clear vision and mission statements to enable it achieve its objectives. The various forms of innovation that an organization engages in usually take time to generate sufficient revenue. Companies therefore need to focus on enhancing their reputation in the community so as to acquire a large customer base. Therefore, the strategies that organizations adopt need to be balanced in order to enable an organization to be effective in terms of adopting the best strategies for the organization. The CEO of PG needs to devise a way in which the strategies, mission and vision statements can be communicated to other members of the organization with regard to the long-term goals that a company hopes to achieve. Mission and vision statements should help managers to build positive relationships with employees so that they can serve as powerful motivation tools to employees. The managers at PG need to communicate the vision and mission of the organization in order to arouse a sense of organizational purpose among the employees. The employees should be made to understand why the business environment is changing and why the new direction is needed so as to win their commitment and perseverance. This would make it possible to move an organization towards the chosen path (Anthony, 2012). In this perspective therefore, it is important for the CEO at PG to ensure that he monitors vision and mission statements within the organization and determine whether they are in line with the overall innovation strategies that the organization desires to adopt. Elaborate on how you would use analytical tools to identify potential creative and innovative management ideas In order to determine whether an organization is on the right path towards adopting change and innovation, there are certain tools that the CEOs need to use. These tools are essential in that they can enable an organization to determine whether there are any weaknesses in the strategies that it adopts and therefore enable it to take corrective measures to enable it remain innovative and competitive. An organization needs to map its financial schemes and determine whether its funds are sufficient in terms of enabling it to implement the strategies that it desires to implement (Stevenson, 2002). A quick competency test needs to be adopted within an organization in order to determine whether it is ready for the change. In this case, the employees within the organization should be evaluated on whether they are capable of coping with the change that the organization wishes to adopt. Moreover, the systems within the organization need to be tested in order to determine whether there would be any need to conduct replacements or whether the existing systems can cope with the change that the organization desires to implement. Assess risks and benefits of creative and innovative management ideas When an organization desires to invest in innovation, there are various benefits and risks that it can face. In terms of risks, an organization is likely to constrain its resources in such a manner that it would be unable to conduct its operations in an efficient manner. Lack of time is also an issue that an organization is likely to face. The time when an organization desires to implement change may be too late to have any impact on the consumers. Even though an organization may desire to implement change, the employees working in it may fear failure thereby making them to refrain from adopting the innovation that the organization wishes to implement. Moreover, the leadership in an organization may be unclear thereby making it difficult to implement change in an efficient manner (Stevenson, 2002). In this perspective, the employees might not be aware of the roles that they are supposed to play within the organization thereby limiting their ability to implement the change. Insufficient incentives towards the employees also limit the employees from adopting the change. In this perspective, the employees may be unwilling to adopt the various forms of innovation that the managers stipulate unless they are awarded incentives and other forms of financial remuneration. In addition, lack of sufficient training and talent may also hinder the employeesà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ ability to implement creativity and innovation in the organization. However, though creativity is associated with certain risks, there are also benefits that the organization may come across as a result of engaging in change practices. In his perspective, the modeling behaviors of the employees is likely to change and the support of the management grows significantly. Moreover, the management is able to set up the right team to perform certain duties within the organization. This way, an organization is able to increase its productivity and competitiveness in the market. This is because, as an organization invests in innovation and creativity, it improves on its production processes thereby enabling it to become efficient and more productive. Use change models to support the implementation of creative and innovative management ideas All businesses must exercise change in order for them to remain competitive in todayà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s business environment. There are various models of change that businesses need to adopt to enable them implement creative and innovative practices. The Kurl Lewin model of change can therefore be used to support the implementation of creative and innovative management within PG Company. The first stage in the model is the unfreeze stage. In this stage, it is the duty of the organizationà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s management to ensure that they prepare the organization for the change that is essential for it. In this case, the managers need to ensure that the existing modes of operation are broken down to before they decide on whether they will adopt the new ways of operating inside the organization. In this case, the managers should demonstrate to the employees the reason as to why the new ways of operating cannot be continued. In this perspective, the CEO at PG can be able to understand why an organization is experiencing a reduction in sales as well as why the organization experiences poor financial results (Gerybadze, Hommel, Reiners, 2010). The unfreeze state usually creates uncertainty within the organization. However, in the change stage, people start looking for uncertainty and looking for new ways in which they can resolve any forms of uncertainty. The employees in the organization start looking for new ways in which they can support the new direction that the organization hopes to achieve. The managers of the organization need to understand that the transition from unfreeze to change does not happen overnight. Employees usually take time to adjust to the new change. Therefore, in order to ensure that the employees embrace the change, the CEO and the managers should make the employees understand how the change will benefit to them since not everyone falls for the changes that the company hopes to achieve. The refreeze stage is also important to consider. The organization is usually ready to refreeze once the changes are observed to be taking effect. In this case, the organization becomes stable whereby the job descriptions appear to be consistent. This stage normally helps the employees and the institution to internalize the changes proposed. In this perspective, the changes need to be used all the time and be incorporated in the daily operations that the organization engages in. Once the organization starts realizing stability, the employees become comfortable with the new ways of working. Therefore, by incorporating the model in its operations, the organization would be able to implement innovation successfully (Gerybadze, Hommel, Reiners, 2010). Task 2 Produce an appropriate rationale to persuade stakeholders of PG of the benefits of a creative and innovative management idea Before the CEO and the managers of an organization decide to implement change and innovation, they need to assure the shareholders that the change will benefit the organization and the employees in diverse ways. It is therefore the duty of the CEO and the managers to ensure that they develop a rationale that will demonstrate to the shareholders that the change will be fruitful. As a CEO at PG, one needs to demonstrate to the shareholders that the change will tackle the various strategic challenges within the organization and enable it to be resourceful and adopt more creative solutions. The organization would be able to draw on ideas that are generated from other organizations thereby improving its outcomes. This can be done by ensuring that the senior managers within the organization are able to disseminate knowledge to the employees thereby providing an avenue for development of new production mechanisms. This enables an organization to adopt innovation in an effective manner. When an organization implements innovation, the managers are able to take responsibility for any form of innovation and change. This way, they are able to identify the critical areas that should be changed. Moreover, investing in change demonstrates the commitment by the members of an organization to change (Kaplan Norton, 2004). Moreover, the CEO and the managers are able to assess the benefits of innovation before it is implemented. In addition, the decision to change encourages the employees to question the methods adopted therefore creating room for them to propose other change mechanisms that would be more effective. By deciding to invest in new technology and innovation, an organization is able to come up with new ways which enable it to invest in technology in its area of specialization. This way, an organization is able to come up with new ways that can enable it to overcome any forms of resistance as a result of allowing the employees to be involved in the change process. This has the effect of encouraging the employees to identify the various forms of improvements to the services that an organization delivers thereby enabling the organization to succeed through original thinking. Moreover, the organization is able to draw on new methods and techniques of conducting its operations. This way, the employees are able to understand the fear of change thereby encouraging them to welcome the change that the organization desires to implement. As a CEO how will you communicate a creative and innovative management idea to stakeholders of the organization? The CEO is the one who decides whether change in an organization should be implemented. In this perspective, the CEO is the one who is supposed to demonstrate to the shareholders the manner in which change and innovation will impact an organization. The CEO therefore needs to devise effective means which can enable him convey the message regarding change and innovation to the shareholders. For communication to be effective, it is important for the CEO to conduct thorough research pertaining to the change process thereby enabling him to have a basis on how to explain to the shareholders why the change in necessary (Galavan, Murray, Markides, 2008). An effective way of conducting effective communication is through facts. It is therefore important for the CEO to ensure that he gathers sufficient facts relating to the change and innovation that he desires to invest in the organization. While communicating to the shareholders therefore, the CEO should gather facts on how the change process has worked in other organizations and the benefits that the change process brought to the organizations that have ever adopted that kind of change. Demonstrations are an effective way of enabling people to understand how a certain concept works. In this perspective therefore, it is the duty of the CEO to demonstrate to the shareholders the manner in which he hopes that the change and innovation initiative will work in the organization. The demonstration that the CEO adopts should be realistic such that the shareholders would believe that the investment will work when applied to a real world scenario. The CEO needs to have gathered sufficient information regarding the initiative. In this perspective, the CEO should be prepared to answer the questions raised by the shareholders in an effective way. This means that the CEO should be confident enough to enable him answer the questions raised in an effective manner. Once the CEO demonstrates effective way of communicating with the shareholders regarding the change process that the organization wishes to invest in, the shareholders can embrace the idea. However, if the CEO is unable to communicate effectively to the shareholders regarding the impact that the innovation will have towards the organization, the shareholders are likely to reject the idea thus limiting the organization from adapting to the current changes that are happening in the business environment (Brown, 2005). Establish key goals and priorities for implementation of a creative and innovative management idea using feedback from stakeholders Before deciding to invest in innovation, there are certain things that should be prioritized. The essential things are the ones that should be given more emphasis. In this perspective, the CEO of the organization should gather sufficient information on the operations of an organization and determine the ones that have more impact towards the productivity of the organization. He should then decide on the way in which innovation will be implemented in the company. Innovation should be carried out in phases starting with the sections within the organization that are regarded as more essential. The financial resources that a company has should also be considered. An organization might deem it necessary to invest in a particular form of change but fail due to insufficient funds. Innovation should therefore be carried out in those areas that the company can afford adequately. In this perspective, the manner in which the funds are used should be carefully monitored so as to ensure that the sections that change has been implemented are operational in an effective. There are instances whereby an organization might decide to invest in a particular change but funds may be insufficient thereby putting the company at the risk of failing to function as expected (Afuah, 2009). In this perspective therefore, the stakeholders need to be notified of the change that the organization desires to invest in and then determine whether the funds available are sufficient. This is in order to ensure that the shareholders do not complain of funds misuse whenever they realize that a particular stra tegy did not work. Before deciding to invest in any form of innovation, it is important for an organization to ensure that the employees are ready for the change being implemented. There are certain times when an organization may invest in a form of innovation where the employees are not adequately prepared. In this perspective, the organization would deteriorate in performance instead of improving. As a result, the employees need to be given sufficient training regarding the change being implemented. Moreover, the employees must be willing to accept the change especially if the change would improve the manner in which they operate within the organization. The shareholders therefore need to be notified on the training being conducted on the employees (Galavan, Murray, Markides, 2008). This is because training employees requires funds. Therefore the shareholders must be notified so that they do not assume that it is a form of funds misappropriation. Innovation needs to be consistent with the operations that an organization conducts. The innovation should be an improvement and not a change of the organizational practices. In case innovation is a form of change in organizational practices, most employees would not manage to handle the new operations and this would therefore require the organization to look for a team of new employees. However, given all the experience that employees have regarding the operations of the organization, a change in the organizational practices would make the organization to deteriorate in its production processes thereby making the customers to disregard the reputation of the organization. The priorities that the CEO sets regarding the form of innovation to be adopted therefore need to be communicated to the shareholders for analysis and to determine whether innovation change is viable towards the organization. Assess the barriers to the implementation of a creative and innovative management idea at PG Every organization is susceptible to barriers when deciding to invest in any form of innovation. The CEO of PG therefore needs to be aware of the various barriers that he can encounter while deciding to implement any form of change within the organization. This is because the barriers can lead to the failure of the entire project if they are not monitored in an adequate manner. Employee unpreparedness is one of the major barriers that the organization is likely to face while deciding to invest in any form of change. This is because most employees are used to the normal operations that an organization engages in. In this perspective therefore, in case an organization engages in any form of innovation, the employees would not be in a position to cope with the prevailing state of affairs. This would have the effect of lowering the productivity of the organization thereby making it to be outdone by the competitors (Galavan, Murray, Markides, 2008). The financial soundness of an organization matters a great deal when an organization desires to invest in any form of change. For example, the environmental conditions might require an organization to invest in change but, due to financial constraints it may fail to implement the change in an effective manner. By investing in change processes halfway, an organization may end up failing totally because of inefficient innovation practices. This would lower the reputation of the company as well as reduce its productivity significantly. It would therefore be difficult for the organization to rise from this form of failure. The managers, CEO, and the shareholders might desire to invest in change management but the organization might not be ready for the change being implemented. For example, there are certain change practices that might require an organization to change its infrastructure completely. However, changing the infrastructure of an organization is an expensive undertaking. As a result, an organization would be required to invest a lot of funds in changing its infrastructure thereby making the company to suffer financial loss. Since most managers, shareholders, and the CEO would not be willing to carry out such an exercise if the organization does not have sufficient capital base, this would therefore be a major barrier towards implementing the change. Shareholders play a very essential role in terms of facilitating the decision making process within the organization. In this perspective therefore, the CEO may propose to the shareholders that a particular form of innovation is important in order to increase the organizationà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s productivity as well as sustain its competitiveness. However, if the CEO is unable to convince the shareholders effectively on the reason as to why a particular form of innovation is essential, the shareholders are likely to reject the whole idea thus acting as a barrier towards the adoption of innovation inside the organization. In order for any form of innovation to be successfully implemented in an organization, it is important for the CEO to look for a team of experts who would facilitate the implementation of the change in the organization. However, with the competitiveness that is present in the modern business environment, there exists a group of professionals who are not adequately trained to guide an organization on the best form of innovation to adopt. In this perspective therefore, there are CEOs who look for non-qualified professionals to facilitate in change implementation in organizations. Such people often make the wrong predictions regarding the form of innovation that the organization should adopt. They therefore end up misleading the organization which then leads to its collapse (Stevenson, 2002). Plan a strategy to overcome identified barriers to the implementation of a creative and innovative management idea at PG Despite the existence of a broad range of barriers towards implementing innovation in an organization, there are various strategies that PG can adopt to enable it implement change in an effective manner. In this perspective, it is important for the CEO to consider certain barriers that prevail within the business environment so that he can be able to devise effective strategies and plans on how to cope with them. Most organizations face challenges while implementing change because they fail to conduct a thorough study of the market. Without a proper understanding of the way in which the market operates, the managers, CEO, and the shareholders of PG are likely to adopt innovation strategies that are not consistent with the requirements of the organization. In this case therefore, it is important for the CEO to ensure that he conducts a thorough study of the business environment whereby PG operates so that he can manage to get a clear picture of the way in which strategies are essential in the organization. This way, the CEO can be able to collect sufficient information on the form of innovation that PG should adopt thereby enabling it to succeed in its operations. Creativity and innovation fail in an organization because most employees are not adequately prepared for the change. Most employees therefore find it difficult to adapt to the new production processes that an organization adopts because of lack of experience in new technology. Therefore, in order to ensure that the employees welcome a change initiative within their organization of work, it is important for the CEO to ensure that he liaises with the shareholders and the other managers at PG in order to ensure that the employees receive adequate training regarding type of change that the organization desires to adopt. The employees should be trained in advance before the change has been implemented so as to ensure that they are ready to proceed once the change has been implemented (Gerybadze, Hommel, Reiners, 2010). Unqualified professionals are the leading cause of failure in many organizations with regard to creativity and innovation management. In order to avoid being misled by unqualified professionals, the CEO of PG should ensure that he conducts thorough research on the most qualified personnel in the market and who have a proven track record with regard to creativity and change management. Such a person would be able to direct PG on the most effective forms of innovation to invest in by analyzing the trends in the market. Inadequate funds often act as a barrier towards implementing change in an organization. Therefore, in order for an organization to be able to implement creativity and innovation in its practices, it is important for it to devise means through which it can gather sufficient funds to enable it cope with the changes in the business environment where it operates. Therefore, the organization can mobilize funds in form of profits, loans or through capital investments to enable it raise funds to facilitate creativity and innovation. Explain how a strategy plan for overcoming barriers will ensure innovative change is achieved Every organization hopes to overcome barriers found in its operating environment so that it can emerge successful while implementing innovative changes in its systems. By adopting strategies to overcome the various barriers that are present in the operating environment therefore, a business has the potential to ensure that it achieves change. Therefore, in the case of PG, change can be achieved if the managers, CEO, and the shareholders show commitment to addressing the various barriers that hinder the implementation of innovation change in an effective manner. For example, once the employees are trained adequately on how to cope with the change before it is implemented, they can be able to embrace the change in a more efficient manner as opposed to when the change is implemented when employees are not well prepared for the change. Most organizations that prepare their employees well in advance before innovation change management is implemented are known to be good performers (Anthon y, 2012). This is an indication that proper planning has the effect of improving the overall performance of an organization With advancements in technology and the popularity of globalization catching on in many organizations, it is important for businesses to set aside sufficient funds to cater for such issues. In this perspective, most CEOs and managers of businesses usually ensure that all funds within the organization are accounted for since the business environment is not predictable. This state of affairs enables businesses to be prepared for any changes that occur in the business. The businesses that do not set in place sufficient funds for innovation change are known to fail due to lack of sufficient finances when the time to be innovative comes. It has also been noted that most business enterprises today are designed in such a manner that they can be able to cope with innovation change regardless of whether the change requires a business to change its infrastructure. Moreover, businesses that consult their shareholders before investing in any form of innovation change and hire professionals to guide their investment activities perform better than those organizations that do not follow such procedures. It is therefore true that the strategies that are adopted for overcoming barriers ar

Essays --

Throughout John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s life, he left behind not only a â€Å"household name† but also an American legacy. Both his name and face are recognized all across the United States as a legendary icon who touched every heart and every mind in America. From the day JFK was born, May 29, 1917, to the tragic day of his assassination on November 22, 1963, he completely inspired and earned full trust from the citizens of America. John F. Kennedy (also known as â€Å"Jack†) did not have the average childhood. He grew up in a very wealthy, very political Catholic family. His parents had high hopes for all nine of their children. but actually aspired for John’s older brother to become president. However, after the untimely and tragic death of his older Navy brother, he took his parents dreams for him upon himself. His political career began when he ran for Congress in Massachusetts in 1946. Not long after serving as the senator at 36 years old he was married to Jacqueline Bouvier. John became extremely popular not only because of his age, but he was also a popularly published author. His wor...

Legalization of Euthanasia

People have the right to medical care, but pain and suffering for a person has to be one of the toughest things in life to deal with. In the health care world, few topics create a debate as heated as euthanasia. Euthanasia comes from the Greek word meaning good death. Euthanasia is the practice of ending the life of a person either by lethal injection or the suspension of medical treatment. In this essay, I will discuss the benefits and negatives in legalizing euthanasia.Although legalizing euthanasia would help alleviate suffering in terminally ill patients, the act of intentionally killing an individual devalues human life causing a distrust in physicians and may even become a means of health care cost containment, empowering law abusers. Firstly, i'll discuss the benefit in legalizing euthanasia, for it is a good way of ultimately relieving extreme pain when a persons quality of life is low. The biggest argument in favor of euthanasia is that the person involved is in great pain.L egalizing euthanasia would help alleviate suffering of terminally ill patients. It would be inhuman and unfair to make them endure the unbearable pain. In case of individuals suffering from incurable diseases or in conditions where effective treatment wouldn’t affect their quality of life; they should be given the liberty to choose induced death. Also, the motive of euthanasia is to â€Å"aid-in-dying† painlessly and thus should be considered and accepted by law. Although killing in an attempt to defend oneself is far different from mercy killing, law does find it worth approving.In an attempt to provide medical and emotional care to the patient, a doctor does and should prescribe medicines that will relieve his suffering even if the medications cause gross side effects. This means that dealing with agony and distress should be the priority even if it affects the life expectancy. Euthanasia follows the same theory of dealing with torment in a way to help one die peacef ully out of the compromising situation. Euthanasia should be a natural extension of patients’ rights allowing him to decide the value of life and death for him.Maintaining life support systems against patients’ wish is considered unethical by law as well as medical philosophy. If the patient has the right to discontinue treatment why would he not have the right to shorten his lifetime to escape the intolerable anguish? Isn’t the pain of waiting for death frightening and traumatic? Faye Girsh, at the Final Exit Network says, â€Å"At the Hemlock Society we get calls daily from desperate people who are looking for someone like Jack Kevorkian to end their lives which have lost all quality†¦Americans should enjoy a right guaranteed in the European Declaration of Human Rights — the right not to be forced to suffer. It should be considered as much of a crime to make someone live who with justification does not wish to continue as it is to take life withou t consent. † That point being made, the act of intentionally taking the life of an individual also devalues human life which may cause a distrust in physicians and ultimately makes this form of pain alleviation a bad idea. Euthanasia is a rejection of the importance and value of human life.People who support euthanasia often say that it is already considered permissable to take human life under some circumstances such as self defense – but they miss the point that when one kills for self defense they are saving innocent life – either their own or someone else's. With euthanasia no one's life is being saved, rather life is only taken. History has taught us the dangers of euthanasia and that is why there are only two countries in the world today where it is legal. That is why almost all societies, even non-religious ones, for thousands of years have made euthanasia a crime.There are also two topics to discuss here: the definition of â€Å"terminal† and the c hanges that have already taken place to extend euthanasia to those who aren't â€Å"terminally ill. † There are many definitions for the word â€Å"terminal. † For example, when he spoke to the National Press Club in 1992, Jack Kevorkian said that a terminal illness was â€Å"any disease that curtails life even for a day. † The co-founder of the Hemlock Society often refers to â€Å"terminal old age. † Some laws define â€Å"terminal† condition as one from which death will occur in a â€Å"relatively short time. Others state that â€Å"terminal† means that death is expected within six months or less. Even where a specific life expectancy is referred to, medical experts acknowledge that it is virtually impossible to predict the life expectancy of a particular patient.Some people diagnosed as terminally ill don't die for years, if at all, from the diagnosed condition. Increasingly, however, euthanasia activists have dropped references to term inal illness, replacing them with such phrases as â€Å"hopelessly ill,† â€Å"desperately ill,† â€Å"incurably ill,† â€Å"hopeless condition,† and â€Å"meaningless life. Even doctors cannot firmly predict about the period of death and whether there is a possibility of remission with advanced treatment. Bernard Baumrin, PhD, MD, Professor of Philosophy at the City University of New York, wrote in his chapter, â€Å"Physician, Stay Thy Hand! † that appeared in the 1998 book Physician Assisted Suicide: Expanding the Debate, â€Å"Doctors must not engage in assisting suicide. They are inheritors of a valuable tradition that inspires public trust. None should be even partly responsible for the erosion of that trust.Nothing that is remotely beneficial to some particular patient in extremis is worth the damage that will be created by the perception that physicians sometimes aid and even abet people in taking their own lives. † So, implementing euthanasia would mean many unlawful deaths that could have well survived later. Along with empowering law abusers and increasing distrust of patients towards doctors, legalizing euthanasia may also lead to using as a means for health care cost containment.Perhaps one of the most important developments in recent years is the increasing emphasis placed on health care providers to contain costs. In such a climate, euthanasia certainly could become a means of cost containment. In the United States, thousands of people have no medical insurance; studies have shown that the poor and minorities generally are not given access to available pain control, and managed-care facilities are offering physicians cash bonuses if they don't provide care for patients.With greater and greater emphasis being placed on managed care, many doctors are at financial risk when they provide treatment for their patients. Legalized euthanasia raises the potential for a profoundly dangerous situation in which doc tors could find themselves far better off financially if a seriously ill or disabled person â€Å"chooses† to die rather than receive long-term care. Savings to the government may also become a consideration. This could take place if governments cut back on paying for treatment and care and replace them with the â€Å"treatment† of death.For example, immediately after the passage of Measure 16, Oregon's law permitting assisted suicide, Jean Thorne, the state's Medicaid Director, announced that physician-assisted suicide would be paid for as â€Å"comfort care† under the Oregon Health Plan which provides medical coverage for about 345,000 poor Oregonians. Within eighteen months of Measure 16's passage, the State of Oregon announced plans to cut back on health care coverage for poor state residents. In Canada, hospital stays are being shortened while, at the same time, funds have not been made available for home care for the sick and elderly.Registered nurses are being replaced with less expensive practical nurses. Patients are forced to endure long waits for many types of needed surgery. Nearly all pain can be eliminated and, in those rare cases where it can't be eliminated, it can still be reduced significantly if proper treatment is provided. It is a national and international scandal that so many people do not get adequate pain control and although voluntary euthanasia may help aleviate the pain that may come from seeing a loved one or being the one in pain, killing is not the answer to that scandal.This form of assisted suicide will not only diminish the honour and value of human life, but cause a distrust in doctors, create a rise in law abusers and a reason to allow individuals to pass in order to cut down on health care costs. The solution is to mandate better education of health care professionals on these crucial issues, to expand access to health care, and to inform patients about their rights as consumers.Everyone, whether it be a person with a life-threatening illness or a chronic condition, has the right to pain relief. With modern advances in pain control, no patient should ever be in excruciating pain. However, most doctors have never had a course in pain management so they're unaware of what to do. If a patient who is under a doctor's care is in excruciating pain, there's definitely a need to find a different doctor. But that doctor should be one who will control the pain, not one who will kill the patient. Legalization of Euthanasia ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY – EUTHANASIA By Troy Jacques Euthanasia is known as the practice of deliberately ending a life which releases an individual from an incurable disease or intolerable suffering. This mercy killing is often referred as an easy and painless death. This can be done from the request of a dying patient or that person’s legal representative. When this is done it is known as Voluntary Euthanasia. Not doing something to prevent someone’s death is known as passive or negative Euthanasia. Active or positive Euthanasia is when someone takes deliberate action to cause a death.Currently Euthanasia is not allowed by law to be practiced on people. My opinion on Euthanasia is that it should be legalised because the patients get to die in less pain and suffering as possible, the majority of the public believe that Euthanasia should be allowed morally and in a free society an individual should be able to choose their time of death. Patients with such diseases as cancer should be allowed to choose their time of death. This is because cancer is the most common cause of death in Australia, accounting for more than a quarter of all deaths.There is major pain that is associated with cancer suffers and it is a severe and intractable form of chronic pain. Patients with advanced cancers often experience multiple symptoms like fatigue, weakness, mental haziness, anxiety and nausea. Many of these symptoms can not be eliminated and any may widely affect the function of sense and well being. This can cause a major source of distress to the terminally ill and it can cause extremely unpleasant symptoms, which are undignified in the terminal stage.This is where Euthanasia would be able to step in and with the request from the patient or their legal representative put a stop to their pain and suffering. I also agree that special guidelines must be put into stop abuse from families that may profit form the death of a person. In Australia the public opinion also supports Euthanasia being legalised. It is around three quarters of the population in Australia that are in favour of doctors giving or practicing Euthanasia if requested by a terminally ill patient who is experiencing unrelievable suffering.This is based on the responses to the Morgan Poll question: â€Å" If a hopelessly ill patient, experiencing unrelievable suffering with absolutely no chance of recovery, asks for a lethal dose, so as not to wake again, should the doctor be able to give the lethal dose. In 1962 only 47% said â€Å"yes†. In 1993 78% and in 1994 and 1995 74% answered with â€Å"yes†. Now only 18% say â€Å"no† and another 8% are undecided. From this poll the people have stated that in some circumstances Voluntary Euthanasia should be allowed to be practiced.In a free society a person should be able to choose the time of their death if they are terminally ill. If we are to be truly living in a free society a person should be able to reque st their doctor to perform Voluntary Euthanasia if they are terminally ill. In not being able to request this means that we are not allowed too freely decide our own fate. I believe that Euthanasia should be legalised because if policed properly it can put a person out of intolerable suffering in which they will die in more pain anyway.At the present moment under some circumstances the public also agree that a patient should be able to request Voluntary Euthanasia to be practiced on them. It is also that a person should also be able to choose his or her own time of death if we are to be living in a fee society. If a person is allowed to legally refuse treatment that will in a consequence end their life, well why can’t a person just be put out of intolerable suffering and achieve the same fate? Word Count 650

Vitamin supplements What do most Americans need essays

Vitamin supplements What do most Americans need essays Vitamin supplements: What do most Americans need? Vitamin supplements: What do most Americans need? That is the question I will be attempting to answer in the following few pages. To start, I will talk about their beginning as well as their recent growth in popularity in the past decade. I will discuss the medical views that are for and against the use of supplements, what types are most important, and what types people need. To conclude, I will tell about the supplements that I take and whether I will continue to do so. Many years ago, there existed diseases such as scurvy, rickets, and everyday colds. These illnesses were the cause of a lot of sickness and sometimes led to other illness and death. Chemists looked everywhere for a cure. Then came the first supplement to become popularized in its uses this was vitamin C. This wonder pill was said to help the body fight colds and other sickness. With the discovery and use of these new vitamins the Food and Nutrition Board convened in 1941 to determine adequate dietary intakes of essential nutrients. At this time deficiency diseases were a common public-health problem. Since that meeting, with the process of food fortification and improved diets, these diseases have been relatively uncommon except in the poor and elderly. In 1943, the first Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) were published. (Skerrett, 25) These amounts were stated in what amounts were just enough to maintain good health, as that any more would just be excreted by the bo dy or build up in the tissues. Vitamin supplements have grown in popularity at a pretty constant rate since their development, but have become especially popular in recent years. The baby boomer generation that grew up on healthy diets is finding it hard to maintain that healthy lifestyle, and would rather now just pop a pill. Some experts fear that we will become dependent on these supplements and find everyone taking 50-60 di...

Analysis of Tchaikovskys Fantasy Overture Romeo and Juliet essays

Analysis of Tchaikovsky's Fantasy Overture Romeo and Juliet essays A Russian composer known for his colorful and romantic music, Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky was born May 7, 1840. He was a composer of the Romantic Period a time when music acquired poetic/philosophical meaning. In accordance with this focus on the arts, Tchaikovsky was an extremely well-read and educated man. Therefore, it was only natural he write a musical interpretation of one of Shakespeares greatest tragedies, Romeo and Juliet, which I had the please of seeing performed by the RPO. The Romeo and Juliet overture is done in sonata-allegro form and contains two major musical themes: the Friar Laurence/Capulet This first theme is broken up into two parts. The music begins as a solemn chorale, much like the music used in the Russian Orthodox Church, here obviously Tchaikovsky is musically representing Friar Lawrence. This section starts off with a series of woodwind instruments, leading to the strings and horns, and coming full circle back to the woodwinds. Tension begins to build as this part of the theme is repeated; the opening wind chords become much faster over plucked strings. The timpani is then added in, making the tempo speed up, leading into the second half of the first theme-the struggle between the Capulets and Montagues. Here, Tchaikovsky brilliantly utilizes a break in the music filled by the crash of the cymbals to indicate a swordfight. Flutes are added in to suggest the scurrying that usually takes place during a battle. Fragments are passed between the woodwinds and strings to illustrate the scrape of metal on metal. Such image painting is a characteristic mark of Tchaikovsky. The first theme is then repeated, and the tempo slows, down decreasing the tension. This is when the transition to the second theme (Love theme) occurs. Like the first theme, the second is also separated into two pa...

ALIEN AUTOPSY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ALIEN AUTOPSY - Essay Example Conversely, this is explicable by the underlying conditions under which the autopsy was undertaken (Farrell, pp29-39). According to the prevailing cameraman, four living aliens were found at the crash site. One of them never survives the revival operation whilst the second and the third succumbed after a month. The fourth alien stay lived until the year 1946. The autopsy of the first creature is not known thus it can be taken to be the subject of the massive scientific autopsy. The filmed of the prevailing second and third autopsies were on the year 1947 to find the main cause of their abrupt death thus aiding in finding appropriate means of keeping the fourth alien alive. This could also aid in the establishing of communication and finding the reason why the alien had come to Earth. This was the main interest of the national defense forces as compared to the scientific study of an alien life form (Mantle & Noe Torres, pp54-67). However, there was assumption that organs were taken fo r further learning during the process of dissection. Moreover, according to the cameraman, the fourth alien was autopsied logically within a medical theatre in the presence of the leading scientist in United States, England and France. Santilli footage depicted metals samples that mainly take after the manufacturing modus operandi utilized in the building of the I-Beams within the Santilli debris footage. The footage was precisely rounds at section of the symbols which were impossible to be made within the present milling machines (Mantle & Noe Torres, pp54-67). The nature of the fractures, light and highly reflective appearance of the I-beams baffled Murphy that prompted him to conclude that the metals were made from very fine, crystalline structure manufactured with unknown technique. The hieroglyphs on the alien I-beams resemble the Greek and Phoenician alphabets, which have the common origin of family diverse from Semitic alphabets-Aramaic, Procanaanitic and Arabic that originat ed from the hieroglyphic alphabet. Inscriptions clearly belong to the same family of the alphabets but pre-date the Phoenician and the corresponding Egyptian culture found in Peru (Farrell, pp29-39). The film brings out the understanding of both the I-beams and then decodes their underlying captions utilizing languages from the similar context and language families as the main alphabets. There were also twelve toed foot prints on Anasazi petro glyphs within the Canyonlands of Utah. The signs designated their divine origin. There was controversy on the part of the Roswell footage because it lacked witnesses on the year 1947 UFO crash to confirm either bodies or the debris. Moreover, it contained smaller corpses that had four fingers according to the witnesses (Mantle & Noe Torres, pp112-178). The cameraman said that the crash site was amidst the Socorro and Magdalena. Santilli’s full story of the cameraman confirmed that he had leant about the crash on the year 1947, which dat es the event back to the late hours of May, 1947. The conclusion was that the event of Roswell was totally different. The fact that the cameraman had been flown into the Roswell and brought to the underlying crash site by car caused him to think that

Globalization Questionnaire Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Globalization Questionnaire - Research Paper Example Because of globalization, international market or global market came into existence. International or global market then is composed of different countries trading products and services with each other. Companies have been going out of their home countries and starting to build their names in other countries. This is basically the reason why we see imported products being displayed in supermarkets and department stores such as wines from Italy, gadgets and cellular phones from Asia, and shoes from Germany. Some of the international trade theories that support globalization are mercantilism, free trade, comparative advantage, absolute advantage, Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the product life-cycle theory, new trade theory, and Porter’s theory or the national competitive advantage. Rugman (2009) argued that globalization has four major drivers: market, government, competition, and cost. Market globalization drivers are factors that usually affect the demand for a specific product or service such as consumers’ common preferences, increasing consumers from different countries, and global market distribution. Governments had taken the initiative to take off international trade and investment barriers and establish free trade. They also reduced trade tariffs and eliminated restrictions in the quantity of products and services to be imported or exported. Globalization is greatly influenced by competition. For instance, a company might consider establishing a satellite office in another country to deliver their products to foreign consumers. Because of this act, other competitors would also want to go global and promote their companies to diverse markets. Other examples of competitive drivers are increasing number of alliances between multinational companies and increasing globally-centered companies. Almost all companies would want to maximize profit thereby minimizing their costs. There are countries where production and